The Australian Library Journal
volume 50 issue 3

The Northeast coast of Papua New Guinea: a bibliographic survey

National bibliographies for Papua-New Guinea have been compiled in the past and more may be completed in the future; there is also a need for regional or provincial bibliographies to help researchers working at these levels. This paper stems from the recent publication of bibliographies of Morobe, Madang, East and West Sepik provinces which are being combined as one regional bibliography in order to assist in the identification of sources of interest to future researchers. The series is now being expanded to include all the highland provinces.

Manuscript received March 2001

Introduction
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is now one of the better-researched countries in the Pacific region. Already a number of bibliographies on a variety of subjects have been produced. PNG comprises nineteen provinces and research has been conducted in all of these: however most of the results are yet to be collated and assembled. Aside from identifying published sources, we have yet to record so far undocumented oral traditions and customs. There is a need to house these in provincial cultural centres for dissemination back to the people now and in the future. Compilation of provincial bibliographies is a large and time-consuming task: in order to make this more manageable they should ideally be compiled on a regional basis.

This paper is an overview of the successes and shortcomings resulting from our experiences compiling provincial bibliographies for the northeast coast of New Guinea. The first was a bibliography, compiled at the request of Morobe Provincial Government to guide research and document the history of Morobe now and in future. This was completed and eventually published in early 1999[1].

This led to the compilation of a Madang bibliography with assistance by August Kituai [2] followed by a West Sepik bibliography compiled with much valued help from Otto Nekitel.[3] The next will be the East Sepik bibliography to be compiled by Sam Kaima with assistance from Steven Winduo.[4] Plans are underway to cumulate all of these into one larger regional bibliography.[5] A regional project should be encouraged, because James Mosan[6] has agreed to help with an Eastern Highlands bibliography and Teine Maine[7]has also agreed to assist with a Simbu Bibliography. We hope these will start the Highlands regional series which will eventually include all the other highlands provinces.

In this paper we present a summary of publications on the northeast coast of New Guinea. We also outline some major reference sources and bibliographies that will be of interest to future researchers. Our results are published in print, and electronically. Electronic versions of the Morobe and the Madang bibliographies are already on the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) website[8]. It is hoped that the East and the West Sepik bibliographies will be added in the near future. Printed versions of these bibliographies were distributed to the Morobe, Madang, West Sepik and East Sepik provinces in the hope that they can then send them on to school libraries.

Papua New Guinea bibliographies: a brief review
Over the period prior to independence, many articles on colonial expansion in Papua and New Guinea and on various aspects of traditional knowledge had appeared. Since independence there has been an increase in research resulting in books, theses, periodical articles and reports: but there remains a need for more research into and the recording of oral traditions of the different tribes and ethnic groups of New Guinea. As these emerge, they will need to be properly indexed in order to make them accessible.

The intention here is not to list all the extant bibliographies: major bibliographies which have so far appeared include those compiled by Alan Butler[9], Fraser McConnell[10], the PNG National Bibliography compiled by the National Library[11], the New Guinea Periodical Index[12], and the New Guinea bibliographies that were produced by the University of Papua New Guinea Library. The New Guinea Research Unit of the Australian National University, then IASER, now the National Research Institute, has produced several subject bibliographies in the past[13], including those for Oro[14]and Manus Provinces[15]. Ron May of ANU also produced a bibliography of the East Sepik[16]and Colin Filer is also known to have compiled another.[17]

The region in retrospect: a short history
The lives of many Pacific island communities and those on the north coast of New Guinea, which had relied on oral traditions, were first documented with the arrival of the Europeans. A summary of events and dates of importance for the entire region may be useful.

When Germany seized German New Guinea in 1884 much of the mainland northeast New Guinea was included: the territory comprised the main coastal ports of Morobe, Lae, Madang, Wewak, Aitape and Vanimo. Shortly after the First World War started in 1914 former German territories were taken over by allied troops. From 1914 to 1921 the North coast came under British military rule and was eventually transferred to the League of Nations in 1921. Expansion and visits to the inland parts of the region gained momentum as explorers and traders went in and out of those regional centres that had been created during the German period. Most hinterland areas were not explored until after the Second World War, and there was competition between different missions to bring the Christian religion to the people of the region. Whilst the New Guinea Company maintained an interest little effort was made to improve administration and to control expansion.

The years 1921 to 1942 saw increased contact between Europeans and local people. Many of the Sepik labour expeditions took place during this period: gold was discovered in Wau and there was a rush for gold in many parts of the country. As a result there was an acceleration of exploration into the hinterland including the highlands; district borders continued to be defined and some jurisdictions of the north coast expanded to include highlands areas. For example, the Bundi and Simbai in Madang, Menyamya and much of the inland Huon Peninsula of Morobe and most of the inland Sepik river villages were discovered and mapped during this period.

Nothing much in the way of civil development occurred during the Second World War; however, the people of the region experienced its traumas and many participated either as carriers or fighters. The Japanese occupied much of the region for the duration. Many villagers were drastically affected by the war; some worked for the allied forces while others joined the Japanese. In some areas where the Japanese stayed longer children attended Japanese schools: Michael Somare, later to be the first Prime Minister of the country attended and mastered the rudiments of the Japanese language[18]. Other notable people who came out of the war with similar experiences in the region were Yali Singina of Madang, Pita Simogun and Yauwiga of the Sepik district.

There was a degree of religious confusion and many could not believe that the Japanese could chase out the once mighty and powerful-seeming Europeans in a short period of time. Some saw the Japanese as liberators against the former colonial rulers. One of the major consequences was the rise of cargo cults soon after the war. The most notable in the region were the Pitenamu Society of Morobe, The Yali Movement in Madang and the Peli Association of Yangoru in the East Sepik District.

Civilian administration returned in 1949 and Australia became the colonial administrator to the newly united Territory of Papua and New Guinea until 1975, when political independence was granted. The period immediately after the war was a 'Time for building'[19] as Paul Hasluck, former Minister for External Territories called his book. Much of the unexplored and unsettled part of the territory was to be mapped: health, education and other social services were to be expanded into all corners of the territory. More areas were explored and patrol officers were recruited to administer them and introduce European concepts of law and order. As a result of this expansion information about the areas being explored began to filter out into the wider communities of PNG and Australia. Much writing and anthropological research took place during this period and is continuing, as reflected in these bibliographies.

Glimpses of writers on Morobe Province
Morobe Province is by far the largest in terms of population and landmass in the country. The population is complex and diverse with many different ethnic groups and districts. This complexity bears on the compilation of bibliographies about the province, and indeed is reflected in the disparate nature of the items that comprise them. The Pacific Islands Monthly index is worth noting as it recorded events in the province during the years 1935 to 1955[20]. The war reduced the production of monographs and articles about the province as well as the rest of the territory; most of the potential writers would have been engaged in the war or have left the territory. After the war, many records and reports and monographs, particularly by missionaries and colonial patrol officers and researchers on or about Morobe people, their languages, cultures and histories, emerged.

Amongst the early works about the province are those produced by missionaries such as the reports of the first Lutheran missionary Johann Flierl, and by officials of the German colonial administration. The primary texts about the life and work experience of Johann Flierl are a good introduction to the history of the province. There is the work of Bergmann in Boana area and that of the Holzknecht family who lived in the Markham valley. The Rev Karl Holzknecht initiated the early writings on this district and his family continued the work in later years. Hartmut Holzknecht, for example, was involved in the production of the Journal of the Morobe District Historical Society and later tried to expand the Journal to include the entire Northeast coast and retitled it as the Northeast New Guinea. Journal.

Hartmut's brother Phillip wrote a thesis on settlement and exploration by Germans in which he constructed a chronology of contact events in Morobe, which was used to help compile the chronology of Morobe in our bibliography. He also started a Morobe Province bibliography and also listed all German language sources in the New Guinea Collection at UPNG. Hartmut's wife, Susanne Holzknecht is a linguistic anthropologist, and she has written much on the Amari language in recent years after completing her masters and doctoral theses. Hartmut himself has just completed a PhD on the people of lower Leron area of the province.

Other sources of interest and useful data are the reports and maps produced by the Allied Forces during the war. These will help in designing historical research projects for activities that occurred during the war years, and all have been included in the Morobe bibliography. The German New Guinea colonial administration publication; the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung also recorded the activities of Germans in German New Guinea; other German language publications and journals have been included in nearly all the provincial bibliographies which relate to areas formerly under the German administrative umbrella.

The anthropologists
The anthropologists imported their theories and research methods and amongst those who ventured into parts of Morobe and published their findings are Thomas Harding, who produced papers, a thesis and articles on his research in the Huon Peninsula including his Voyages of Vitiaz Strait. [21] Ian Hogbin researched in Morobe, Madang, and the Wogeo islanders in East Sepik; in Morobe he sojourned with the coastal Bukawa people and produced papers, monographs and periodical articles. One of his major works on social change among the Bukawa is Transformation scene: the changing cultures of a New Guinea village[22]. Bruce and Joyce Hooley, a husband and wife team of linguists worked in the central Buang of Morobe province and have produced manuscripts, a thesis and articles. Another linguist was K A McElhanon who worked in the Selepet, Kabwum and Nabak areas; he wrote a number of linguistic and anthropological papers on his work there. Richard Neuhauss also wrote on Morobe; most of his writing is in German. Carl Schmitz is another of the German anthropologists who wrote on the Huon peninsula and in particular the Wantoat people; his papers and publications include the Historische Probleme in Nordost-Neuguinea which belongs with the major sources on the Wantoat, who are a major research interest of one of the authors [S Kaima].

Ian Willis, while teaching at the PNG University of Technology, was also involved with the Morobe District Society and produced articles and monographs on urban villages within the present city of Lae; he contributed a thesis and many published articles on Morobe. Another anthropologist who spent some time in Morobe and Madang was Camellia Wedgewood. Most of the authors mentioned have been included in the preliminary bibliography but there is more to be done before we can claim a complete coverage.

Madang Province
As for Morobe Province, it is not possible to list all the writers and researchers in Madang here; a summary is all that can be offered, which may serve to lead researchers to further sources of information. The works on the Madang Province are numerous and many writers have written about the Madang province languages, cultures and histories. Amongst the earliest of Europeans to visit Madang was Nikolai Nikolaevich Mikloucho Maclay, a Russian ethnologist, naturalist and ethnographer. The 'Moon man' as the indigenous people knew him, wrote several reports and papers in Russian, most of which await translation; his diary has been published[23] and is a useful introduction to writing about the area, including the Rai Coast. As in other parts of the country, missionaries played a part in colonisation, and some of their writings are amongst the earliest for the province. The well-known missionary Aufenanger spent most of his time among the Gende people of Bundi. There are other missionary works listed in this bibliography, which will be of use to those who may be studying missionary history in the province.

Among the anthropologists who came later to the province were Peter Worsley who did research among the Tangu, Peter Lawrence among the Ngaing, Edward Lipuma among the Maring, and Louise Morauta in villages close to Madang. Nancy Lutkehaus was researching on Manam island, Romola McSwain worked amongst the Karkar islanders and Mary Mennis worked amongst the people of Yomba island. There are many others, but major anthropological works are; The trumpet shall sound[24], by Peter Worsley; Road belong cargo[25] by Peter Lawrence and Beyond the village[26] by Louise Morauta. These authors have also contributed chapters in books and also to major anthropological journals. There were others who went into Madang for research. These include Ralph Bulmer and his wife Susan who worked among the Kalam. Their assistant Saem Ian Majnep who is now a PhD, spent much time with them. Other researchers include linguists Andy Pawley on the Kalam language, Malcolm Ross who researched among the Waskia and Taku languages of Karkar Island, John Z'Graggen who worked on Austronesian languages along the Rai Coast.

The Maring of the highlands of Madang Province appear to have been the focus of much research, including work by Roy Rappaport, and much later in the 1970s, a follow-up study by Christopher Healey. These two have produced many publications about the Maring. Laura Zimmer Tomakoshi conducted research among the Bundi and has written a many articles and a doctoral thesis on them.

The Sepik Provinces
The present East and West Sepik provinces were administered as one district until the 1960s, and historical developments and publications reflect this. Much of the activity during the German period was centred on the Sepik River, as explorers and labour recruiters ventured into the villages and visited the populations living along it. Reports on these field trips and expeditions have been included in the bibliography.

East Sepik
Because the Sepik River, a major communication axis, touches most parts of the East Sepik, more has been written on this half of the province than on the tribal groups and areas of the more remote West Sepik. Amongst those writing on the East Sepik have been Margaret Mead, Donald Tuzin, Reo Fortune, Bryant Allen, Ron May, Anthony Forge, Deborah Gewertz, Ian Hogbin, Linguist Donald Laycock, Nancy McDowell, and many more, including recent researchers David Lipsett and Karen Brison. An inclusive anthropological monograph, Sepik heritage has been published.[27] The Wenner Grenn Foundation funded this volume and brought together people associated with research in both the East and West Sepik. The list of contributors is a who's who of research in the East Sepik; it includes Nancy Lutkehaus, Meinhard Schuster, Jurg Wassmann, Richard Scaglion, Pamela Swadling, Colin Filer, Barry Craig, Patricia Townsend, Paul Roscoe, Chris Haiveta and many more. The book comprises fifty-five papers by many different authors.

The East Sepik bibliography will list as far as possible both published and unpublished items, including recent and current anthropological work that needs to be documented and accounted for. Any bibliography will be out of date soon after it is published and continued revision and addition to the list will be required. The work in hand will itself build on early attempts to compile an East Sepik bibliography.

West Sepik
The West Sepik or the Sandaun Province was created as a result of the splitting of the Sepik District. Missionaries were among the first Europeans to arrive in the West Sepik, and the Catholics landed on Tumleo Island near Aitape. Characteristically they compiled reports about the people they lived with and visited and some of these have been archived by the missions. Molnar-Bagley and Dugan compiled an early West Sepik bibliography[28], published in 1981; much research and many publications have since emerged and are included in the current list. There were many German expeditions and reports written on them, and like most parts of the country, inland areas were not fully explored and documented until after the Second World War. Among anthropologists who have been recently researching in the province have been Barry Craig who worked among the Oksapmin; Dan Jorgensen (Telefomin); Colin Filer (Nuku); John Fitz Poole (Bimin Kuskusmin); Clifford Boram (Oksapmin people); Robert Brumbaugh (Afek people); Nicky Cape (Oksapmin) Barry Craig (Mountain Ok people and who also produced a bibliography which we have drawn on. Others were: Marshall Lawrence (Oksapmin people); Donald McGregor and William Mitchell (Wape people); Morren (Miyanmin people) and Pamela Swadling who was involved in field research in both the East and West Sepik provinces.

There are others who have contributed to the knowledge base about the province in recent years: Laycock, Nekitel, Donald McGregor who did linguistic research among the Wape, Lewis Gilbert who researched among the Gnau, and William Mitchell. There are also West Sepik nationals who have contributed publications: Professor Otto Nekitel of UPNG who studied the Abu Arapesh language in detail; Pascal Waisi who has just rejoined the University, and Frances and Anthony Deklin who have also contributed to research in the province.

Why a regional bibliography?
The nature of the provincial boundaries creates a special difficulty at the intersections of different zones or jurisdictions: for example, the people of Wantoat and Yupno or the Rai Coast have in the past been identified as one people instead of distinct social and tribal groups. What are now defined as individual and autonomous provinces have never been separate in the past, for example the East and the West Sepik, Simbu and Eastern Highlands, the Western Highlands and Enga provinces. This is creating new problems of definition and allocation for the bibliographer; there have been problems with the production of each provincial bibliography, and there is a pressing need for a unified regional bibliography. As a librarian, I have experienced the difficulties of research without an adequate bibliographical foundation, and my colleagues and I are working on a northeast regional bibliography with a focus on academic and published works across the entire region. We have decided to omit news items from the Times of PNG and the Pacific Islands Monthly; unpublished conference papers and manuscripts have also been excluded. Many of these papers will have been published separately.

Conclusion: the need for nationwide provincial bibliographies
Even the extant information about many communities is yet to be identified, assembled and collated whilst oral traditions remain unrecorded, undocumented and often inaccessible to the people themselves as well as to researchers. Despite much useful work in the past, more provincial research activity is needed. For example, one of us found it difficult to identify and construct the historical events of his own (Wantoat) District. Furthermore, there are many rural communities that which lack any form of written sources, and it is necessary to consult people and in particular villagers about events that have taken place in the past. There is a great need for researchers in and more extensive and organised programs in the recording of oral history. Recorded interviews, diaries, photographs and other relevant documents should be copied and deposited in future provincial research centres. The provincial bibliographies that index and record these documents and supplement the oral traditions must be continued in the future; we plan to use information technology to put the works on a database and allow for additions and revisions at intervals. This can then easily be accessed, downloaded via the internet. This is admittedly a long-term solution but the immediate problem remains that many libraries and some researchers do not have access to computers or a reliable power supply, and there remains a need to continually produce hard copies of these bibliographies. Provincial research centres in the country need to ensure that information about what is being published is also being recorded. It would be even better if copies of all documents emanating from regional research could be deposited in provincial research centres. The development and co-ordination of regional and eventually national bibliographies is a continuing project which if it is to be successful requires the co-operation of all the organisations and individuals concerned.

References
Barker, John and William Mckelin, 1993. A Bibliography of Oro Province. Research in Melanesia. 17:123-181.

Butler, Alan, 1986. New Guinea Bibliography Waigani. University of Papua New Guinea Press.

Kaima Sam and Kanasa, Biama, 1999. A Bibliography of Morobe Province. Compiled by Sam Kaima and Biama Kanasa. Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea Printery.

Kaima, Sam and August Kituai, 1999. A Bibliography of Madang Province. Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea Printery.

Kaima, Sam and Steven Winduo, 1999. A Bibliography of East Sepik Province. (in preparation)

Kaima, Sam and Otto Nekitel, 2000 A Bibliography of West Sepik/Sandaun Province Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea Printery.

Lawrence, Peter, 1964. Road belong cargo: a study of cargo movements in Southern Madang, New Guinea, Madang. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Lutkehaus, Nancy, 1990. Sepik heritage; tradition and change in Papua New Guinea. Bathurst, Crawford House.

May, R J 1984, East Sepik bibliography: preliminary alphabetical listing. Canberra: Australian National University in association with the Werner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.

McConnell, Fraser, 1988. Papua New Guinea. Oxford: Clio Press.

Miklouho, Maclay B 1975, New Guinea Diaries, 1871-1883. Translated from Russian with biographical comments by CL Sentinella. Madang: Kristen Press.

Molnar-Bagley E and SJ Dugan, 1981. 'A Western Sepik bibliography.' Oral History. 9(3): 1-25.

Morauta, Louise, 1974. Beyond the Village: Local politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

Otto, Ton. 1994, 'A bibliography of Manus Province.' Research in Melanesia. 18: 111-178.

Schmitz, Carl August, 1964. Wantoat: The art and religion of the northeast New Guinea Papuans. The Hague: Mouton.

Schmitz, Carl August, 1960 Historische probleme in Nordost - Neuguinea, Huon abinsel Weisbaden, Steiner.

Somare, Michael, 1974. Sana: An autobiography of Michael Somare. Boroko: Niugini Press.

University of Papua New Guinea. 1966. New Guinea Periodical Index. Waigani. University of Papua New Guinea Library.

University of Papua New Guinea, 1966. New Guinea Bibliography. Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea Library.

Willis, Ian, 1972. Lae Ti Mala Hu: Lae and its local villages: A history of relationships that developed between local villagers, the Lutheran mission, government officials, and the town people at Lae, Papua New Guinea before the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1942. MA thesis. University of Papua New Guinea. (Later published as Lae: Village and City Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 1974)

Worsley, Peter, 1957. The trumpet shall sound; a study of 'cargo cults' in Melanesia. New York: Schocken Books

Dr Otto Neketil is Professor of Languages and linguistics at UPNG. He is a graduate of UPNG, the University of Hawaii (MA) and holds a doctorate in linguistics from the Australian National University (ANU).

Professor Otto Nekitel who edited and helped with the original manuscript of this paper collapsed and died on 13 September 2001 after this manuscript had been accepted for publication. Sam Kaima acknowledges his contribution and with great respect, dedicates this paper to him.

2 Kaima, Sam and August Kituai, 1999. A Bibliography of Madang Province. Waigani: UPNG Printery.

3 Kaima, Sam and Otto Nekitel, 2000. A bibliography of West Sepik/Sandaun Province. Waigani: UPNG Printery.

4 Kaima, Sam and Winduo Steven, 2000. A bibliography of East Sepik Province. (In prep)

5 Kaima, Sam and Rhonda Eva, 2000. A Northeast New Guinea bibliography. (In prep).

6 James Mosan is from the Eastern Highlands province and teaches in the Psychology Department at the University of Papua New Guinea. We are planning to have this bibliography out of the printers by the middle of this year.

7 Teine Maine is a lecturer in Anthropology Departments and has agreed to help with this project. It will be the next bibliography in this series. It is hoped that this will come out of the printers by the end of this year.

8 See UPNG homepage at http://www.upng.ac.pg/

9 Butler, Alan, 1986. New Guinea Bibliography. Volumes 1-6. Waigani. University of Papua New Guinea Press.

10 McConnell, Fraser, 1988. Papua New Guinea. Oxford: Clio Press.

11 Waigani. National Library Service. (Annual)

12 University of Papua New Guinea. 1966. New Guinea Periodical Index. Waigani. UPNG Library.

13 There is a bibliography series produced by the Institute. Some of the earlier versions are listed and deposited in major libraries in the country.

14 Barker, John and William Mckelin, 1993. A bibliography of Oro Province. Research in Melanesia. Volume 17: 123-181.

15 Otto, Ton, 1994. A bibliography of Manus Province. Research in Melanesia. Volume 18: 111-178.

16 May, R J 1984. East Sepik Bibliography: preliminary alphabetical listing. Canberra: Australian National University in association with the Werner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research

17 Dr Colin Filer has tried to compile records of researchers and papers they wrote for nearly all the provinces in the country while working with the National Research Institute

18 Somare, Michael, 1974. Sana: An autobiography of Michael Somare. Boroko: Niugini Press.

19 Hasluck, Paul, A time for building: Australian administration in Papua New Guinea 1951-1963, Carlton Victoria MUP

20 Aside from the lists in the Morobe bibliography Sam Kaima has also indexed Pacific Islands Monthly articles and the province and deposited it in the New Guinea Collection, UPNG Library.

21 Harding, Thomas, Voyages of Vitiaz Strait [Incomplete citation supplied]

22 Hogbin, Ian, Transformation Scene: The changing Cultures of [a] New Guinea village [Incomplete citation supplied]

23 Miklouho, Maclay B, 1975. New Guinea Diaries, 1871-1883. Translated from Russian with biographical comments by CL Sentinella. Madang: Kristen Press.

24 Worsley, Peter, 1957. The trumpet shall sound; a study of 'cargo cults' in Melanesia. New York: Schocken Books

25 Lawrence, Peter, 1964. Road belong cargo: a study of cargo movements in Southern Madang, New Guinea, Madang. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

26 Morauta, Louise, 1974. Beyond the village: local politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

27 Lutkehaus, Nancy, 1990. Sepik Heritage: Tradition and change in Papua New Guinea, Bathurst, Crawford House.

28 Molnar-Bagley E and S J Dugan, 1981. A Western Sepik bibliography. Oral History. 9(3): 1-25.

29 Kaima, Sam and Kanasa, 1999. A bibliography of Morobe Province. Waigani: UPNG Printery.

30 Kaima, Sam and August Kituai, 1999. A Bibliography of Madang Province. Waigani: UPNG Printery.

31 Kaima, Sam and Otto Nekitel, 2000. A bibliography of West Sepik/Sandaun Province. Waigani: UPNG Printery.

32 Kaima, Sam and Winduo Steven, 2000, A bibliography of East Sepik Province. (In prep)

33 Kaima, Sam and Rhonda Eva, 2000. A Northeast New Guinea bibliography. (In prep).

34 James Mosan is from the Eastern Highlands province and teaches in the Psychology Department at the University of Papua New Guinea. We are planning to have this bibliography out of the printers by the middle of this year.

35 Teine Maine is a lecturer in Anthropology Departments and has agreed to help with this project. It will be the next bibliography in this series. It is hoped that this will come out of the printers by the end of this year.

36 See UPNG homepage at http://www.upng.ac.pg/

37 Butler, Alan, 1986. New Guinea Bibliography. Volumes 1-6. Waigani. University of Papua New Guinea Press.

38 McConnell, Fraser, 1988. Papua New Guinea. Oxford: Clio Press.

39 Waigani. National Library Service. (Annual)

40 University of Papua New Guinea, 1966. New Guinea Periodical Index. Waigani. UPNG Library.

41 There is a bibliography series produced by the Institute. Some of the earlier versions are listed and deposited in major libraries in the country.

42 Barker, John and William Mckelin. 1993. A bibliography of Oro Province. Research in Melanesia. Volume 17: 123-181.

43 Otto, Ton, 1994. A bibliography of Manus Province. Research in Melanesia. Volume 18: 111-178.

44 May, R J 1984, East Sepik Bibliography: preliminary alphabetical listing. Canberra: Australian National University in association with the Werner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.

45 Dr Colin Filer has tried to compile records of researchers and papers they wrote for nearly all the provinces in the country while working with the National Research Institute.

46 Somare, Michael, 1974. Sana: An autobiography of Michael Somare. Boroko: Niugini Press.

47 Hasluck, Paul, A time for building: Australian administration in Papua New Guinea 1951-1963. Carlton Victoria MUP

48 Aside from the lists in the Morobe bibliography Sam Kaima has also indexed Pacific Islands Monthly articles and the province and deposited it in the New Guinea Collection, UPNG Library.

49 Harding, Thomas, Voyages of Vitiaz Strait [Incomplete citation supplied]

50 Hogbin, Ian. Transformation Scene: The changing Cultures of [a] New Guinea village [Incomplete citation supplied].

51 Miklouho, Maclay B, 1975. New Guinea Diaries, 1871-1883. Translated from Russian with biographical comments by CL Sentinella. Madang: Kristen Press.

52 Worsley, Peter, 1957. The trumpet shall sound; a study of 'cargo cults' in Melanesia. New York: Schocken Books.

53 Lawrence, Peter, 1964. Road belong cargo: a study of cargo movements in Southern Madang, New Guinea, Madang. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

54 Morauta, Louise, 1974. Beyond the village: local politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

55 Lutkehaus, Nancy, 1990. Sepik Heritage: Tradition and change in Papua New Guinea Bathurst, Crawford House.

56 Molnar-Bagley E and S J Dugan, 1981. A Western Sepik bibliography. Oral History. 9(3): 1-25.